[NUT-devel] [nut]: r129 - trunk/nut.txt
ods15
subversion at mplayerhq.hu
Wed Sep 13 12:13:21 CEST 2006
Author: ods15
Date: Wed Sep 13 12:13:20 2006
New Revision: 129
Added:
trunk/nut.txt
Log:
add nut.txt
Added: trunk/nut.txt
==============================================================================
--- (empty file)
+++ trunk/nut.txt Wed Sep 13 12:13:20 2006
@@ -0,0 +1,932 @@
+==================================
+NUT Open Container Format 20060713
+==================================
+
+
+
+Intro:
+======
+
+Features / goals:
+ (supported by the format, not necessarily by a specific implementation)
+
+Simple
+ use the same encoding for nearly all fields
+ simple decoding, so slow CPUs (and embedded systems) can handle it
+
+Extendible
+ no limit for the possible values of all fields (using universal vlc)
+ allow adding of new headers in the future
+ allow adding more fields at the end of headers
+
+Compact
+ ~0.2% overhead, for normal bitrates
+ index is <100kb per hour
+ a usual header for a file is about 100 bytes (audio + video headers together)
+ a packet header is about ~1-5 bytes
+
+Error resistant
+ seeking / playback without an index
+ headers & index can be repeated
+ damaged files can be played back with minimal data loss and fast
+ resync times
+
+The spec is frozen. All files following spec will be compatible unless the
+spec is unfrozen.
+
+
+Definitions:
+============
+
+MUST the specific part must be done to conform to this standard
+SHOULD it is recommended to be done that way, but not strictly required
+
+
+
+Syntax:
+=======
+
+Since NUT heavily uses variable length fields, the simplest way to describe it
+is using a pseudocode approach.
+
+
+
+Conventions:
+============
+
+The data types have a name, used in the bitstream syntax description, a short
+text description and a pseudocode (functional) definition, optional notes may
+follow:
+
+name (text description)
+ functional definition
+ [Optional notes]
+
+The bitstream syntax elements have a tagname and a functional definition, they
+are presented in a bottom up approach, again optional notes may follow and
+are reproduced in the tag description:
+
+name: (optional note)
+ functional definition
+ [Optional notes]
+
+The in-depth tag description follows the bitstream syntax.
+The functional definition has a C-like syntax.
+
+
+
+Type definitions:
+=================
+
+f(n) (n fixed bits in big-endian order)
+u(n) (unsigned number encoded in n bits in MSB-first order)
+
+v (variable length value, unsigned)
+ value=0
+ do{
+ more_data u(1)
+ data u(7)
+ value= 128*value + data
+ }while(more_data)
+
+s (variable length value, signed)
+ temp v
+ temp++
+ if(temp&1) value= -(temp>>1)
+ else value= (temp>>1)
+
+b (binary data or string, to be use in vb, see below)
+ for(i=0; i<length; i++){
+ data[i] u(8)
+ }
+ [Note: strings MUST be encoded in UTF-8]
+ [Note: the character NUL (U+0000) is not legal within
+ or at the end of a string.]
+
+vb (variable length binary data or string)
+ length v
+ value b
+
+t (v coded universal timestamp)
+ tmp v
+ id= tmp % time_base_count
+ value= (tmp / time_base_count) * time_base[id]
+
+
+Bitstream syntax:
+=================
+
+Common elements:
+----------------
+
+reserved_bytes:
+ for(i=0; i<forward_ptr - length_of_non_reserved; i++)
+ reserved u(8)
+ [a demuxer MUST ignore any reserved bytes
+ a muxer MUST NOT write any reserved bytes, as this would make it
+ impossible to add new fields at the end of packets in the future
+ in a compatible way]
+
+packet_header
+ startcode f(64)
+ forward_ptr v
+ if(forward_ptr > 4096)
+ header_checksum u(32)
+
+packet_footer
+ reserved_bytes
+ checksum u(32)
+ [Note: in index packet, reserved_bytes comes before index_ptr]
+
+reserved_headers
+ while(next_byte == 'N' && next_code != main_startcode
+ && next_code != stream_startcode
+ && next_code != info_startcode
+ && next_code != index_startcode
+ && next_code != syncpoint_startcode){
+ packet_header
+ packet_footer
+ }
+
+ Headers:
+
+main header:
+ version v
+ stream_count v
+ max_distance v
+ time_base_count v
+ for(i=0; i<time_base_count; i++)
+ time_base_nom v
+ time_base_denom v
+ time_base[i]= time_base_nom/time_base_denom
+ tmp_pts=0
+ tmp_mul=1
+ tmp_stream=0
+ for(i=0; i<256; ){
+ tmp_flag v
+ tmp_fields v
+ if(tmp_fields>0) tmp_pts s
+ if(tmp_fields>1) tmp_mul v
+ if(tmp_fields>2) tmp_stream v
+ if(tmp_fields>3) tmp_size v
+ else tmp_size=0
+ if(tmp_fields>4) tmp_res v
+ else tmp_res=0
+ if(tmp_fields>5) count v
+ else count= tmp_mul - tmp_size
+ for(j=6; j<tmp_fields; j++){
+ tmp_reserved[i] v
+ }
+ for(j=0; j<count && i<256; j++, i++){
+ if (i == 'N') {
+ flags[i]= FLAG_INVALID;
+ j--;
+ continue;
+ }
+ flags[i]= tmp_flag;
+ stream_id[i]= tmp_stream;
+ data_size_mul[i]= tmp_mul;
+ data_size_lsb[i]= tmp_size + j;
+ pts_delta[i]= tmp_pts;
+ reserved_count[i]= tmp_res;
+ }
+ }
+
+stream_header:
+ stream_id v
+ stream_class v
+ fourcc vb
+ time_base_id v
+ msb_pts_shift v
+ max_pts_distance v
+ decode_delay v
+ stream_flags v
+ codec_specific_data vb
+ if(stream_class == video){
+ width v
+ height v
+ sample_width v
+ sample_height v
+ colorspace_type v
+ }else if(stream_class == audio){
+ samplerate_nom v
+ samplerate_denom v
+ channel_count v
+ }
+
+ Basic Packets:
+
+frame:
+ frame_code f(8)
+ frame_flags= flags[frame_code]
+ if(frame_flags&FLAG_CODED){
+ coded_flags v
+ frame_flags ^= coded_flags
+ }
+ if(frame_flags&FLAG_STREAM_ID){
+ stream_id v
+ }
+ if(frame_flags&FLAG_CODED_PTS){
+ coded_pts v
+ }
+ if(frame_flags&FLAG_SIZE_MSB){
+ data_size_msb v
+ }
+ if(frame_flags&FLAG_RESERVED)
+ reserved_count[frame_code] v
+ for(i=0; i<reserved_count[frame_code]; i++)
+ reserved v
+ if(frame_flags&FLAG_CHECKSUM){
+ checksum u(32)
+ }
+ data
+
+index:
+ max_pts t
+ syncpoints v
+ for(i=0; i<syncpoints; i++){
+ syncpoint_pos_div16 v
+ }
+ for(i=0; i<stream_count; i++){
+ last_pts= -1
+ for(j=0; j<syncpoints; ){
+ x v
+ type= x & 1
+ x>>=1
+ n=j
+ if(type){
+ flag= x & 1
+ x>>=1
+ while(x--)
+ has_keyframe[n++][i]=flag
+ has_keyframe[n++][i]=!flag;
+ }else{
+ while(x != 1){
+ has_keyframe[n++][i]=x&1;
+ x>>=1;
+ }
+ }
+ for(; j<n && j<syncpoints; j++){
+ if (!has_keyframe[j][i]) continue
+ A v
+ if(!A){
+ A v
+ B v
+ eor_pts[j][i] = last_pts + A + B
+ }else
+ B=0
+ keyframe_pts[j][i] = last_pts + A
+ last_pts += A + B
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ reserved_bytes
+ index_ptr u(64)
+
+info_packet:
+ stream_id_plus1 v
+ chapter_id v
+ chapter_start t
+ chapter_len v
+ count v
+ for(i=0; i<count; i++){
+ name vb
+ value s
+ if (value==-1){
+ type= "UTF-8"
+ value vb
+ }else if (value==-2){
+ type vb
+ value vb
+ }else if (value==-3){
+ type= "s"
+ value s
+ }else if (value==-4){
+ type= "t"
+ value t
+ }else if (value<-4){
+ type= "r"
+ value.den= -value-4
+ value.num s
+ }else{
+ type= "v"
+ }
+ }
+
+syncpoint:
+ global_key_pts t
+ back_ptr_div16 v
+
+ Complete definition:
+
+file:
+ file_id_string
+ while(!eof){
+ if(next_byte == 'N'){
+ packet_header
+ switch(startcode){
+ case main_startcode: main_header; break;
+ case stream_startcode:stream_header; break;
+ case info_startcode: info_packet; break;
+ case index_startcode: index; break;
+ case syncpoint_startcode: syncpoint; break;
+ }
+ packet_footer
+ }else
+ frame
+ }
+
+the structure of a undamaged file should look like the following, but
+demuxers should be flexible and be able to deal with damaged headers so the
+above is a better loop in practice (not to mention its simpler)
+note, demuxers MUST be able to deal with new and unknown headers
+
+file:
+ file_id_string
+ while(!eof){
+ packet_header, main_header, packet_footer
+ reserved_headers
+ for(i=0; i<stream_count; i++){
+ packet_header, stream_header, packet_footer
+ reserved_headers
+ }
+ while(next_code == info_startcode){
+ packet_header, info_packet, packet_footer
+ reserved_headers
+ }
+ if(next_code == index_startcode){
+ packet_header, index_packet, packet_footer
+ }
+ if (!eof) while(next_code != main_startcode){
+ if(next_code == syncpoint_startcode){
+ packet_header, syncpoint, packet_footer
+ }
+ frame
+ reserved_headers
+ }
+ }
+
+
+Tag description:
+----------------
+
+file_id_string
+ "nut/multimedia container\0"
+
+*_startcode
+ all startcodes start with 'N'
+
+main_startcode
+ 0x7A561F5F04ADULL + (((uint64_t)('N'<<8) + 'M')<<48)
+
+stream_starcode
+ 0x11405BF2F9DBULL + (((uint64_t)('N'<<8) + 'S')<<48)
+
+syncpoint_startcode
+ 0xE4ADEECA4569ULL + (((uint64_t)('N'<<8) + 'K')<<48)
+
+index_startcode
+ 0xDD672F23E64EULL + (((uint64_t)('N'<<8) + 'X')<<48)
+
+info_startcode
+ 0xAB68B596BA78ULL + (((uint64_t)('N'<<8) + 'I')<<48)
+
+version
+ NUT version. The current value is 3. All lower values are pre-freeze
+
+forward_ptr
+ size of the packet data (exactly the distance from the first byte
+ after the packet_header to the first byte of the next packet)
+
+max_distance
+ max distance between startcodes. If p1 and p2 are the byte
+ positions of the first byte of two consecutive startcodes, then
+ p2-p1 MUST be less than or equal to max_distance unless the entire
+ span from p1 to p2 comprises a single packet or a syncpoint
+ followed by a single frame. This imposition places efficient upper
+ bounds on seek operations and allows for the detection of damaged
+ frame headers, should a chain of frame headers pass max_distance
+ without encountering any startcode.
+
+ syncpoints SHOULD be placed immediately before a keyframe if the
+ previous frame of the same stream was a non-keyframe, unless such
+ non-keyframe - keyframe transitions are very frequent
+
+ SHOULD be set to <=32768
+ if the stored value is >65536 then max_distance MUST be set to 65536
+
+ This is also half the max frame size without a checksum after the
+ frameheader.
+
+
+max_pts_distance
+ max absoloute difference of pts of new frame from last_pts in the
+ timebase of the stream, without a checksum after the frameheader.
+ A frame header MUST include a checksum if abs(pts-last_pts) is
+ strictly greater than max_pts_distance.
+ Note that last_pts is not necessarily the pts of the last frame
+ on the same stream, as it is altered by syncpoint timestamps.
+ SHOULD NOT be higher than 1/timebase
+
+stream_id
+ Stream identifier
+ stream_id MUST be < stream_count
+
+stream_class
+ 0 video
+ 1 audio
+ 2 subtiles
+ 3 userdata
+ Note: the remaining values are reserved and MUST NOT be used
+ a demuxer MUST ignore streams with reserved classes
+
+fourcc
+ identification for the codec
+ example: "H264"
+ MUST contain 2 or 4 bytes, note, this might be increased in the future
+ if needed
+ the id values used are the same as in avi, so if a codec uses a specific
+ fourcc in avi then the same fourcc MUST be used here
+
+time_base_nom / time_base_denom = time_base
+ the length of a timer tick in seconds, this MUST be equal to the 1/fps
+ if FLAG_FIXED_FPS is set
+ time_base_nom and time_base_denom MUST NOT be 0
+ time_base_nom and time_base_denom MUST be relatively prime
+ time_base_denom MUST be < 2^31
+ examples:
+ fps time_base_nom time_base_denom
+ 30 1 30
+ 29.97 1001 30000
+ 23.976 1001 24000
+ There MUST NOT be 2 identical timebases in a file.
+ There SHOULD NOT be more timebases than streams.
+
+time_base_id
+ id to time_base table
+
+convert_ts
+ To switch from 2 different timebases, the following calculation is
+ defined:
+
+ ln = from_time_base_nom*to_time_base_denom
+ sn = from_timestamp
+ d1 = from_time_base_denom
+ d2 = to_time_base_nom
+ timestamp = (ln/d1*sn + ln%d1*sn/d1)/d2
+ Note: this calculation MUST be done with unsigned 64 bit integers, and
+ is equivalent to (ln*sn)/(d1*d2) but this would require a 96bit integer
+
+compare_ts
+ Compares timestamps from 2 different timebases,
+ if a is before b then compare_ts(a, b) = -1
+ if a is after b then compare_ts(a, b) = 1
+ else compare_ts(a, b) = 0
+
+ Care must be taken that this is done exactly with no rounding errors,
+ simply casting to float or double and doing the obvious
+ a*timebase > b*timebase is not compliant or correct, neither is the
+ same with integers, and
+ a*a_timebase.num*b_timebase.den > b*b_timebase.num*a_timebase.den
+ will overflow. One possible implementation which shouldn't overflow
+ within the range of legal timestamps and timebases is:
+
+ if (convert_ts(a, a_timebase, b_timebase) < b) return -1;
+ if (convert_ts(b, b_timebase, a_timebase) < a) return 1;
+ return 0;
+
+msb_pts_shift
+ amount of bits in lsb_pts
+ MUST be <16
+
+decode_delay
+ maximum time between input and output for a codec, used to generate
+ dts from pts
+ is set to 0 for streams without B-frames, and set to 1 for streams with
+ B-frames, may be larger for future codecs
+ decode_delay MUST NOT be set higher than necessary for a codec.
+
+stream_flags
+ Bit Name Description
+ 1 FLAG_FIXED_FPS indicates that the fps is fixed
+
+codec_specific_data
+ private global data for a codec (could be huffman tables or ...)
+ if a codec has a global header it SHOULD be placed in here instead of
+ at the start of every keyframe
+ the exact format is specified in the codec spec
+ for H.264 the NAL units MUST be formated as in a bytestream
+ (with 00 00 01 prefixes)
+
+frame_code
+ the meaning of this byte is stored in the main header
+ the value 78 ('N') is forbidden to ensure that the byte is always
+ different from the first byte of any startcode
+ a muxer SHOULD mark 0x00 and 0xFF as invalid to improve error
+ detection
+
+flags[frame_code], frame_flags
+ Bit Name Description
+ 1 FLAG_KEY if set, frame is keyframe
+ 2 FLAG_EOR if set, stream has no relevance on
+ presentation. (EOR)
+ 8 FLAG_CODED_PTS if set, coded_pts is in the frame header
+ 16 FLAG_STREAM_ID if set, stream_id is coded in the frame header
+ 32 FLAG_SIZE_MSB if set, data_size_msb is at frame header,
+ otherwise data_size_msb is 0
+ 64 FLAG_CHECKSUM if set then the frame header contains a checksum
+ 128 FLAG_RESERVED if set, reserved_count is coded in the frame header
+ 4096 FLAG_CODED if set, coded_flags are stored in the frame header.
+ 8192 FLAG_INVALID if set, frame_code is invalid.
+
+ EOR frames MUST be zero-length and must be set keyframe.
+ All streams SHOULD end with EOR, where the pts of the EOR indicates the
+ end presentation time of the final frame.
+ An EOR set stream is unset by the first content frames.
+ EOR can only be unset in streams with zero decode_delay .
+ FLAG_CHECKSUM MUST be set if the frame's data_size is strictly greater than
+ 2*max_distance or the difference abs(pts-last_pts) is strictly greater than
+ max_pts_distance (where pts represents this frame's pts and last_pts is
+ defined as below).
+
+stream_id[frame_code]
+ MUST be <250
+
+data_size_mul[frame_code]
+ MUST be <16384
+
+data_size_lsb[frame_code]
+ MUST be <16384
+
+pts_delta[frame_code]
+ MUST be <16384 and >-16384
+
+reserved_count[frame_code]
+ MUST be <256
+
+data_size
+ data_size= data_size_lsb + data_size_msb*data_size_mul;
+
+coded_pts
+ if coded_pts < (1<<msb_pts_shift) then it is an lsb
+ pts, otherwise it is a full pts + (1<<msb_pts_shift)
+ lsb pts is converted to a full pts by:
+ mask = (1<<msb_pts_shift)-1;
+ delta = last_pts - mask/2
+ pts = ((pts_lsb-delta)&mask) + delta
+
+lsb_pts
+ least significant bits of the pts in time_base precision
+ Example: IBBP display order
+ keyframe pts=0 -> pts=0
+ frame lsb_pts=3 -> pts=3
+ frame lsb_pts=1 -> pts=1
+ frame lsb_pts=2 -> pts=2
+ ...
+ keyframe msb_pts=257 -> pts=257
+ frame lsb_pts=255 -> pts=255
+ frame lsb_pts=0 -> pts=256
+ frame lsb_pts=4 -> pts=260
+ frame lsb_pts=2 -> pts=258
+ frame lsb_pts=3 -> pts=259
+ all pts's of keyframes of a single stream MUST be monotone
+
+dts
+ dts is calculated by using a decode_delay+1 sized buffer for each
+ stream, into which the current pts is inserted and the element with
+ the smallest value is removed, this is then the current dts
+ this buffer is initalized with decode_delay -1 elements
+
+ Pts of all frames in all streams MUST be bigger or equal to dts of all
+ previous frames in all streams, compared in common timebase. (EOR
+ frames are NOT exempt from this rule)
+
+width/height
+ MUST be set to the coded width/height, MUST NOT be 0
+
+sample_width/sample_height (aspect ratio)
+ sample_width is the horizontal distance between samples
+ sample_width and sample_height MUST be relatively prime if not zero
+ both MUST be 0 if unknown otherwise both MUST be non zero
+
+colorspace_type
+ 0 unknown
+ 1 ITU Rec 624 / ITU Rec 601 Y range: 16..235 Cb/Cr range: 16..240
+ 2 ITU Rec 709 Y range: 16..235 Cb/Cr range: 16..240
+ 17 ITU Rec 624 / ITU Rec 601 Y range: 0..255 Cb/Cr range: 0..255
+ 18 ITU Rec 709 Y range: 0..255 Cb/Cr range: 0..255
+
+samplerate_nom / samplerate_denom = samplerate
+ the number of samples per second, MUST NOT be 0
+
+crc32 checksum
+ Generator polynomial is 0x104C11DB7. Starting value is zero.
+
+checksum
+ crc32 checksum
+ checksum is calculated for the area pointed to by forward_ptr not
+ including the checksum itself (from first byte after the
+ packet_header until last byte before the checksum).
+ for frame headers the checksum contains the framecode byte and all
+ following bytes upto the checksum itself
+
+header_checksum
+ checksum over the startcode and forward pointer
+
+Syncpoint tags:
+---------------
+
+back_ptr_div16
+ back_ptr = back_ptr_div16 * 16 + 15
+ back_ptr must point to a position within 16 bytes of a syncpoint
+ startcode. This syncpoint MUST be the closest syncpoint such that at
+ least one keyframe with a pts lower or equal to the original syncpoint's
+ global_key_pts for all streams lies between it and the current syncpoint.
+
+ A stream where EOR is set is to be ignored for back_ptr.
+
+global_key_pts
+ After a syncpoint, last_pts of each stream is to be set to:
+ last_pts[i] = convert_ts(global_key_pts, time_base[id], time_base[i])
+
+ global_key_pts MUST be bigger or equal to dts of all past frames across
+ all streams, and smaller or equal to pts of all future frames.
+
+Index tags:
+-----------
+
+max_pts
+ The highest pts in the entire file
+
+syncpoint_pos_div16
+ offset from begginning of file to up to 15 bytes before the syncpoint
+ referred to in this index entry. Relative to position of last
+ syncpoint.
+
+has_keyframe
+ indicates whether this stream has a keyframe between this syncpoint and
+ the last syncpoint.
+
+keyframe_pts
+ The pts of the first keyframe for this stream in the region between the
+ 2 syncpoints, in the stream's timebase. (EOR frames are also keyframes)
+
+eor_pts
+ Coded only if EOR is set at the position of the syncpoint. The pts of
+ that EOR. EOR is unset by the first keyframe after it.
+
+index_ptr
+ Length in bytes of the entire index, from the first byte of the
+ startcode until the last byte of the checksum.
+ Note: A demuxer can use this to find the index when it is written at
+ EOF, as index_ptr will always be 12 bytes before the end of file if
+ there is an index at all.
+
+
+Info tags:
+----------
+
+stream_id_plus1
+ Stream this info packet applies to. If zero, packet applies to whole
+ file.
+
+chapter_id
+ Id of chapter this packet applies to. If zero, packet applies to whole
+ file. Positive chapter_id's are real chapters and MUST NOT overlap.
+ Negative chapter_id indicate a sub region of file and not a real
+ chapter. chapter_id MUST be unique to the region it represents.
+ chapter_id n MUST not be used unless there are at least n chapters in the
+ file
+
+chapter_start
+ timestamp of start of chapter
+
+chapter_len
+ Length of chapter in same timebase of chapter_start.
+
+type
+ for example: "UTF8" -> string or "JPEG" -> JPEG image
+ "v" -> unsigned integer
+ "s" -> signed integer
+ "r" -> rational
+ Note: nonstandard fields should be prefixed by "X-"
+ Note: MUST be less than 6 byte long (might be increased to 64 later)
+
+info packet types
+ the name of the info entry, valid names are
+ "Author"
+ "Description"
+ "Copyright"
+ "Encoder"
+ the name & version of the software used for encoding
+ "Title"
+ "Cover" (allowed types are "PNG" and "JPEG")
+ image of the (CD, DVD, VHS, ..) cover (preferably PNG or JPEG)
+ "Source"
+ "DVD", "VCD", "CD", "MD", "FM radio", "VHS", "TV", "LD"
+ Optional: appended PAL, NTSC, SECAM, ... in parentheses
+ "SourceContainer"
+ "nut", "mkv", "mov", "avi", "ogg", "rm", "mpeg-ps", "mpeg-ts", "raw"
+ "SourceCodecTag"
+ the source codec id like a fourcc which was used to store a specific
+ stream in its SourceContainer
+ "CaptureDevice"
+ "BT878", "BT848", "webcam", ... (more exact names are fine too)
+ "CreationTime"
+ "2003-01-20 20:13:15Z", ...
+ (ISO 8601 format, see http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/iso-time.html)
+ Note: do not forget the timezone
+ "Keywords"
+ "Language"
+ ISO 639 and ISO 3166 for language/country code
+ something like "eng" (US english), can be 0 if unknown
+ and "multi" if several languages
+ see http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/englangn.html
+ and http://www.din.de/gremien/nas/nabd/iso3166ma/codlstp1/en_listp1.html
+ the language code
+ "Disposition"
+ "original", "dub" (translated), "comment", "lyrics", "karaoke"
+ Note: if someone needs some others, please tell us about them, so we
+ can add them to the official standard (if they are sane)
+ Note: nonstandard fields should be prefixed by "X-"
+ Note: names of fields SHOULD be in English if a word with the same
+ meaning exists in English
+ Note: MUST be less than 64 bytes long
+
+value
+ value of this name/type pair
+
+stuffing
+ 0x80 can be placed in front of any type v entry for stuffing purposes
+ except the forward_ptr and all fields in the frame header where a
+ maximum of 8 stuffing bytes per field are allowed
+
+
+Structure:
+----------
+
+the headers MUST be in exactly the following order (to simplify demuxer design)
+main header
+stream_header (id=0)
+stream_header (id=1)
+...
+stream_header (id=n)
+
+headers may be repeated, but if they are, then they MUST all be repeated
+together and repeated headers MUST be identical
+
+Each set of repeated headers not at the beginning or end of the file SHOULD
+be stored at the earliest possible position after 2^x where x is
+an integer and the file end, so the headers may be repeated at 4102 if that is
+the closest position after 2^12=4096 at which the headers can be placed
+
+Note: this allows an implementation reading the file to locate backup
+headers in O(log filesize) time as opposed to O(filesize)
+
+headers MUST be placed at least at the start of the file and immediately before
+the index or at the file end if there is no index
+headers MUST be repeated at least twice (so they exist three times in a file)
+
+there MUST be a sync point immediately before the first frame after any headers
+
+
+Index:
+------
+
+Note: with realtime streaming, there is no end, so no index there either
+Index MAY only be repeated after main headers.
+If an index is written anywhere in the file, it MUST be written at end of
+file as well.
+
+
+Info:
+-----
+
+If a info packet is stored anywhere then a muxer MUST also store an identical
+info packet after every main-stream-header set
+
+If a demuxer has seen several info packets with the same chapter_id and
+stream_id then it MUST ignore all but the one with the highest position in
+the file
+
+demxuxers SHOULD not search the whole file for info packets
+
+demuxer (non-normative):
+------------------------
+
+in the absence of a valid header at the beginning, players SHOULD search for
+backup headers starting at offset 2^x; for each x players SHOULD end their
+search at a particular offset when any startcode is found (including syncpoint)
+
+
+
+Semantic requirements:
+======================
+
+If more than one stream of a given stream class is present, each one SHOULD
+have info tags specifying disposition, and if applicable, language.
+It often highly improves usability and is therefore strongly encouraged.
+
+A demuxer MUST NOT demux a stream which contains more than one stream, or which
+is wrapped in a structure to facilitate more than one stream or otherwise
+duplicate the role of a container. any such file is to be considered invalid.
+for example vorbis in ogg in nut is invalid, as is
+mpegvideo+mpegaudio in mpeg-ps/ts in nut or dvvideo + dvaudio in dv in nut
+
+
+
+Sample code (Public Domain, & untested):
+========================================
+
+typedef BufferContext{
+ uint8_t *buf;
+ uint8_t *buf_ptr;
+}BufferContext;
+
+static inline uint64_t get_bytes(BufferContext *bc, int count){
+ uint64_t val=0;
+
+ assert(count>0 && count<9);
+
+ for(i=0; i<count; i++){
+ val <<=8;
+ val += *(bc->buf_ptr++);
+ }
+
+ return val;
+}
+
+static inline void put_bytes(BufferContext *bc, int count, uint64_t val){
+ uint64_t val=0;
+
+ assert(count>0 && count<9);
+
+ for(i=count-1; i>=0; i--){
+ *(bc->buf_ptr++)= val >> (8*i);
+ }
+
+ return val;
+}
+
+static inline uint64_t get_v(BufferContext *bc){
+ uint64_t val= 0;
+
+ for(; space_left(bc) > 0; ){
+ int tmp= *(bc->buf_ptr++);
+ if(tmp&0x80)
+ val= (val<<7) + tmp - 0x80;
+ else
+ return (val<<7) + tmp;
+ }
+
+ return -1;
+}
+
+static inline int put_v(BufferContext *bc, uint64_t val){
+ int i;
+
+ if(space_left(bc) < 9) return -1;
+
+ val &= 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFULL; // FIXME can only encode upto 63 bits currently
+ for(i=7; ; i+=7){
+ if(val>>i == 0) break;
+ }
+
+ for(i-=7; i>0; i-=7){
+ *(bc->buf_ptr++)= 0x80 | (val>>i);
+ }
+ *(bc->buf_ptr++)= val&0x7F;
+
+ return 0;
+}
+
+static int64_t get_dts(int64_t pts, int64_t *pts_cache, int delay, int reset){
+ if(reset) memset(pts_cache, -1, delay*sizeof(int64_t));
+
+ while(delay--){
+ int64_t t= pts_cache[delay];
+ if(t < pts){
+ pts_cache[delay]= pts;
+ pts= t;
+ }
+ }
+
+ return pts;
+}
+
+
+
+Authors:
+========
+
+Folks from the MPlayer developers mailing list (http://www.mplayerhq.hu/).
+Authors in alphabetical order: (FIXME! Tell us if we left you out)
+ Beregszaszi, Alex (alex at fsn.hu)
+ Bunkus, Moritz (moritz at bunkus.org)
+ Diedrich, Tobias (ranma+mplayer at tdiedrich.de)
+ Felker, Rich (dalias at aerifal.cx)
+ Franz, Fabian (FabianFranz at gmx.de)
+ Gereoffy, Arpad (arpi at thot.banki.hu)
+ Hess, Andreas (jaska at gmx.net)
+ Niedermayer, Michael (michaelni at gmx.at)
+ Shimon, Oded (ods15 at ods15.dyndns.org)
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